GERAKAN UMAT ISLAM DI INDONESIA DI AWAL ABAD XX

Abstract

This article discusses the rise and dynamics of the Islamic movement in Indonesia in the early 20th century. This resurgence was triggered by internal factors, such as the Dutch Ethical Policy and economic pressures on Muslim traders, as well as external factors in the form of influence from Islamic reform movements from the Middle East. Using a descriptive qualitative research method with a literature review approach, this article analyses the emergence of "religious nationalism" consciousness that made Islam a unifying identity against colonialism. This study focuses on the role of Islamic mass organizations (ormas) such as Sarekat Islam, Muhammadiyah, Al-Irsyad, and Nahdlatul Ulama, which functioned not only as vehicles for da'wah but also as laboratories of thought and political articulation for the independence struggle. The article concludes that the duality of the movements between modernists and traditionalists enriched the intellectual treasury and accelerated the process of forming the Indonesian nation-state.