HUKUM KONSTITUSI DAN PERLINDUNGAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN DI INDONESIA

• Mutiara Feruza Fauziah

  Prodi Syari’ah, Fakultas Hukum Tata Negara, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Maulana Hasanuddin Banten

  Translator

• Ade Fartini

  Author

• Wulan Aprilina

  Translator

• Repi Mariska

  Translator

The Constitution serves as the fundamental law that regulates the relationship between the state and its citizens and functions as a living document reflecting the political, social, and cultural dynamics of the nation. In the context of Indonesia, the amendments to the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945) during the period of 1999–2002 brought significant changes by affirming the principle of constitutionalism while simultaneously strengthening the recognition of human rights (HAM). Whereas human rights were previously limited in constitutional provisions, the amendments explicitly included them in Chapter XA (Articles 28A–28J), guaranteeing the right to life, the right to family, freedom of religion and expression, the right to justice, and the right to security. This transformation shifted the role of the Constitution from merely regulating state power to actively protecting human dignity.

In practice, the protection of human rights does not stop at the normative level. State institutions have been strengthened, such as the Constitutional Court with its authority to conduct judicial review, the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) as a supervisory body, and the Human Rights Court to handle serious human rights violations. Nevertheless, gaps between the legal norms and their implementation remain. Many violations, both historical and contemporary, remain unresolved, while the dilemma between respecting human rights and maintaining political stability or national security is often used to justify restrictions on certain freedoms.

Normatively, Article 28I paragraph (4) of the 1945 Constitution stipulates that the state has the obligation to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights, in line with Indonesia’s international commitments. However, this responsibility must be implemented consistently. Studying constitutional law and human rights protection is crucial to ensure that Indonesia’s system of governance operates according to the principles of constitutional democracy, upholds human dignity, and establishes a just rule of law.

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