QIYAS DALAM ILMU MANTIK QIYAS IN THE SCIENCE OF LOGY

Abstract

Qiyās is the core deductive reasoning method in the science of manṭiq (Islamic logic), used to draw logical conclusions by comparing two things based on similarity of attributes. This article comprehensively examines qiyās through library research with a descriptive approach to classical and modern Islamic logic literature. The results show that the structure of qiyās consists of four interrelated pillars: major premise, minor premise, middle term, and conclusion (natījah). Its validity depends on the clarity and completeness of all these pillars. Thinkers such as Al-Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā, and Al-Abharī provide different yet complementary emphases on the mechanism of qiyās. Based on form and degree of certainty, qiyās is divided into several types, such as qiyās iqtirānī (categorical), istitsnā'ī (hypothetical), burhānī (demonstrative), and jadalī (dialectical). Validity conditions include the truth of premises, clarity of terms, and a structure free from formal logical errors. This study also distinguishes qiyās in manṭiq, which is universal and aims to produce pure logical knowledge, from qiyās in ushul fiqh, which functions as a method of legal derivation based on similarity of ‘illah (legal cause). In an educational context, mastery of qiyās plays an important role in training students' critical, analytical, and systematic thinking skills. Its relevance in the modern era remains significant as a foundation for reasoning in various scientific disciplines, research, and rational decision-making.