PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA INDIVIDU DALAM HUKUM PIDANA INTERNASIONAL DENGAN STUDI ATAS KEJAHATAN INTERNASIONAL BERAT

• Salman Al Farizi Ilham

  Universita Bina Bangsa

  Author

• Jeff Lee

  Universita Bina Bangsa

  Author

• Zaenudin Zaenudin

  Universita Bina Bangsa

  Author

Hukum pidana internasional (HPI) dibangun di atas gagasan bahwa pelaku kejahatan internasional berat, genosida, kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan, kejahatan perang, dan agresi, harus dimintai pertanggungjawaban secara individual, bukan semata-mata dibebankan pada negara atau “kelompok” secara abstrak. Prinsip ini dikonkretkan melalui pengaturan modes of liability (bentuk-bentuk keterlibatan) seperti pelaku langsung, pelaku bersama, pelaku tidak langsung melalui organisasi, aiding and abetting, serta command/superior responsibility (International Criminal Court, 2024, Robinson et al., 2024). Artikel ini menganalisis kerangka normatif pertanggungjawaban pidana individu dalam HPI dengan menautkan norma Statuta Roma dan perkembangan yurisprudensi ICC, khususnya perkara Ntaganda dan Ongwen, untuk menunjukkan bagaimana doktrin pertanggungjawaban individu bekerja pada praktik pembuktian dan penjatuhan tanggung jawab (International Criminal Court, 2021, International Criminal Court, 2022). Hasil analisis menegaskan bahwa perdebatan utama saat ini terletak pada batas-batas atribusi perbuatan kolektif kepada individu (misalnya indirect co-perpetration/control theory) dan karakter hukum pertanggungjawaban komando, apakah benar mode of liability atau lebih tepat sebagai delik kelalaian tersendiri, yang berdampak pada standar kausalitas dan kesalahan (Osten, 2022, Jackson, 2022). Pada saat yang sama, tuntutan akuntabilitas berkembang menuju isu korban (reparasi) dan perluasan fokus dari individu ke entitas korporasi dalam konteks kejahatan berat modern (International Criminal Court, 2024, van Sliedregt, 2025).

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