ANALISIS TERHADAP TANGGUNG JAWAB DAN MEKANISME KOMPENSASI ATAS TUMPAHAN MINYAK DI LAUT BERDASARKAN PERATURAN-PERATURAN INTERNASIONAL MENGENAI PEMANFAATAN DAN PENGELOLAAN WILAYAH LAUT SERTA IMPLEMENTASINYA PADA WILAYAH REPUBLIK INDONESIA

• Finka Dyan Amarta Saputri

  Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya

  Author

• Sherly Novelianti Putri

  Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya

  Author

• Erly Carolin

  Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya

  Author

• Moch Aldo Putra Wijaya

  Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya

  Author

• M Rendi Wijaya

  Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya

  Author

• Masitha Tismananda Kumala

  Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya

  Author

Tumpahan minyak di laut merupakan salah satu ancaman serius terhadap kelestarian lingkungan laut dan stabilitas ekonomi pesisir. Kerusakan akibat insiden tersebut tidak hanya berdampak pada ekosistem laut, tetapi juga menimbulkan kerugian ekonomi, sosial, dan kesehatan masyarakat. Artikel ini menganalisis dua hal yaitu Pertama, tanggung jawab hukum serta mekanisme kompensasi terhadap tumpahan minyak berdasarkan instrumen hukum laut internasional, khususnya United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982, International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC) 1992, dan International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (Fund Convention) 1992. Kedua, bagaimana hukum nasional Indonesa mengatur mengenai tanggung jawab hukum kasus tumpahan minyak di laut. Kajian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus dengan melakukan studi analisis atas kasus Deepwater Horizon (2010), Erika (1999), Prestige (2002). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme tanggung jawab mutlak (strict liability) yang diatur dalam CLC dan Fund Convention efektif menjamin kepastian kompensasi, tetapi masih menghadapi tantangan dalam hal batas tanggung jawab, implementasi nasional, dan keterbatasan dana. Reformasi hukum disarankan melalui peningkatan batas kompensasi, harmonisasi peraturan nasional dengan standar internasional, serta penguatan kerja sama multilateral untuk efektivitas penegakan hukum laut.

Instrumen Hukum Internasional

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 1982.

International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1992.

International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (Fund Convention), 1992 (as amended 2003).

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78), Annex I.

OECD, Polluter Pays Principle: Analysis and Recommendations*, OECD Council, 1972.

Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992.

Trail Smelter Arbitration (United States v. Canada), 1941.

Peraturan Nasional Indonesia

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 61 Tahun 1994 tentang Pengesahan CLC 1992.

Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19 Tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran dan/atau Perusakan Laut.

Laporan dan Dokumen Resmi

International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC), Annual Report 2023.

International Maritime Organization (IMO), Status of Conventions and Amendments, 2024.

ITOPF, Oil Spill Statistics 2023.

U.S. Coast Guard, Deepwater Horizon Incident Report, 2011.

Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, Restoration Plan, 2009.

OSPAR Commission, Regional Strategy for the Prevention of Pollution from Offshore Oil and Gas Activities, 2010.

Buku dan Literatur Akademik

Birnie, Patricia W., Alan E. Boyle, & Catherine Redgwell. International Law and the Environment. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2023.

Churchill, R.R., & Lowe, A.V. The Law of the Sea. Manchester University Press, 1999.

Sands, Philippe, Jacqueline Peel, Adriana Fabra & Ruth MacKenzie. Principles of International Environmental Law. 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2021.

Tanaka, Yoshifumi. The International Law of the Sea. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2019. Harrison, James. Making the Law of the Sea: A Study in the Development of International Law. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Boyle, Alan, & Freestone, David (eds.). International Law and Sustainable Development: Past Achievements and Future Challenges. Oxford University Press, 1999.

Artikel Jurnal Ilmiah

Beckman, Robert. “Oil Pollution from Ships and Liability Regimes under International Law.” Ocean Development & International Law, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2012.

Tan, Alan Khee-Jin. “The Regulation of Vessel-Source Pollution in Asia: Evolution and Challenges.” Marine Policy, Vol. 36, 2012.

Tsamenyi, Martin. “Liability and Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage in the Asia-Pacific Region.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 17, 2015.

van Leeuwen, Judith. “The Political Economy of Marine Environmental Protection.” Marine Policy, Vol. 118, 2020.

Zhang, Shiqiu. “Economic Instruments for Marine Pollution Control.” *Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 92, 2019.

Masitha Tismananda Kumala, et.al., “The Philosophical Basis of the Authority of Coastal States to Manage Natural Resources in Their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)”, Transactions on Maritime Science, 2023, doi: 10.7225/toms.v12.n01.w05

Theresia Anita Christiani, Normative and Empirical Research Methods : Their Usefulness and Relevance in the Study of Law as an Object, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science 219, 2016, p. 201, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042816300660

Enny Narwati and Masitha Tismananda Kumala, “Determination of Fishing Rights Allocation as a Strategy for Sustainable Fisheries Management Realisation in Indonesia”, WJEMSD, Vol. 19, 2023, DOI: 10.47556/J.WJEMSD.19.1-2.2023.3

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