MENGUATKAN AKUNTABILITAS MELALUI KOMPLEMENTARITAS MENGENAI ARAH BARU PENEGAKAN HUKUM PIDANA INTERNASIONAL DALAM KONFLIK KONTEMPORER

• Azkia Mutia Rachma

  Universitas Bina Bangsa

  Author

• Beby Hasna Rifdah

  Universitas Bina Bangsa

  Author

• Zaenudin

  Universitas Bina Bangsa

  Author

Penegakan hukum pidana internasional menghadapi paradoks yang terus berulang, kebutuhan akan akuntabilitas meningkat seiring eskalasi konflik bersenjata dan pelanggaran berat HAM, sementara kapasitas institusi internasional terbatas dan bergantung pada kerja sama negara. Artikel ini menganalisis arah baru penegakan hukum pidana internasional melalui penguatan prinsip komplementaritas dan mekanisme kerja sama, serta bagaimana “jejaring akuntabilitas” (international justice ecosystem) memperluas ruang penuntutan melalui yurisdiksi nasional dan yurisdiksi universal. Dengan pendekatan penelitian doktrinal, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan komplementaritas terbaru mendorong pergeseran peran peradilan internasional dari “pengganti” menjadi “pengungkit” bagi penegakan nasional, tetapi tetap menyisakan resiko ketidakadilan struktural, terutama ketika negara kuat mampu “mengelola” komplementaritas melalui investigasi domestik yang tidak efektif. Tren yurisdiksi universal dan pembentukan mekanisme ad hoc, seperti tribunal agresi, muncul sebagai respons atas kesenjangan yurisdiksi dan politik penangkapan. Artikel ini merekomendasikan standar evaluasi “genuineness” yang lebih tegas, desain kerja sama yang melindungi independensi, serta strategi implementasi yang memusatkan korban, termasuk untuk kejahatan berbasis gender. (Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, 2024).

Bezabh, A. B. (2025). Assessing the ICC Office of the Prosecutor’s new policy on complementarity and cooperation, Limitations in legal rigor in integration of alternative resolution mechanisms. Frontiers in Political Science, 7, Article 1709746.

Civitas Maxima, Center for Justice & Accountability, European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, International Federation for Human Rights, REDRESS, & TRIAL International. (2025). Universal Jurisdiction Annual Review 2025.

Council of Europe. (2025, June 25). Ukraine and the Council of Europe sign agreement on the establishment of a Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression against Ukraine.

FIDH. (2024, April 26). Q&A, Unpacking the ICC Office of the Prosecutor’s new approach to complementarity and cooperation.

FIDH. (2024, April 26). The ICC Office of the Prosecutor’s new Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation must still meet high expectations.

Grey, R. (2025). On hope, reform and risk, The Rome Statute’s definition of “gender” and the crimes against humanity convention. European Journal of International Law, 36(2), 369–398.

House of Commons Library. (2024, May 20). A special tribunal for Russian aggression against Ukraine (Research Briefing).

Human Rights Watch. (2025, December 1). International Criminal Court, Justice at risk.

Nnawulezi, U., Nwaechefu, H., & Magashi, S. B. (2023). Addressing the principle and challenges of enforcement and prosecution under universal jurisdiction, Charting new pathways for international justice. Indonesian Journal of International Law, 20(2).

Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court. (2024, April). Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation.

REDRESS. (2024). Universal Jurisdiction Annual Review 2024.

Shereshevsky, Y. (2025). Complementarity (Un)Fairness, Powerful states and their ability to avoid ICC proceedings by conducting domestic investigations. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 23(2), 227–248.

Urueña, R. (2024, August 26). The ICC Prosecutor’s Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation, A dynamic tool for accountability. Just Security.

Zvobgo, K. (2024). Complementarity and public views on overlapping domestic and international jurisdicti

• pdf