Fixed solar panels suffer from reduced efficiency due to non-optimal alignment with the sun. This study evaluates the performance of a dual-axis Sun Tracking Solar Panel utilizing the Solar Position Algorithm (SPA) on an open-loop microcontroller platform. Experimental validation was conducted in Bandung, Indonesia, by comparing measured mechanical angles against theoretical SPA references. The results demonstrate high tracking consistency, with average azimuth accuracy exceeding 90% and altitude accuracy ranging between 88%–92%. However, systematic mechanical deviations were identified. The altitude axis exhibited a maximum error of 12.38% (8.62°) near solar noon due to servo torque limitations (identified as the "Early Plateau" phenomenon), while the azimuth axis showed a 9.13% initialization lag. Despite these hardware constraints, the system proved its algorithmic precision, achieving a minimal error of 0.07% during low-load periods, confirming the viability of the proposed tracking logic.
Panel surya statis sering mengalami penurunan efisiensi karena ketidakselarasan yang optimal dengan matahari. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi kinerja Sun Tracking Solar Panel dua sumbu menggunakan Solar Position Algorithm (SPA) pada platform mikrokontroler open-loop. Validasi eksperimental dilakukan di Bandung, Indonesia, dengan membandingkan sudut mekanis terukur terhadap referensi teoritis SPA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsistensi pelacakan yang tinggi, dengan akurasi rata-rata azimut melebihi 90% dan akurasi elevasi (altitude) berkisar antara 88%–92%. Namun, ditemukan deviasi mekanis sistematis; sumbu elevasi menunjukkan kesalahan maksimum sebesar 12,38% (8,62°) saat tengah hari karena keterbatasan torsi servo (fenomena "Early Plateau"), sementara sumbu azimut menunjukkan jeda inisialisasi sebesar 9,13%. Terlepas dari keterbatasan perangkat keras tersebut, sistem ini membuktikan presisi algoritma dengan kesalahan minimal 0,07% pada periode beban rendah, yang mengonfirmasi kelayakan logika pelacakan yang diusulkan.
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