TANAQUDH

Abstract

The concept of tanāqudh (contradiction) has long been a subject of discussion in Islamic studies, particularly in the fields of Qur’anic studies, Hadith, and uṣūl al-fiqh. Allegations of contradiction within religious texts are often employed as a basis for criticizing the coherence of Islamic teachings. This article aims to analyze the concept of tanāqudh from the perspective of the philosophy of science and Islamic epistemology, as well as to examine the methods of resolving apparent contradictions developed by classical and contemporary Muslim scholars. This study adopts a qualitative approach through library research, drawing on works in uṣūl al-fiqh, Qur’anic exegesis, and philosophy of science. The findings indicate that tanāqudh does not necessarily imply genuine contradiction, but rather represents an apparent tension arising from differences in context, interpretive methodology, and epistemological frameworks. Through concepts such as naskh, taqyīd, and hermeneutical approaches, Islamic scholarship provides a systematic framework for comprehensively understanding religious texts. Therefore, the study of tanāqudh demonstrates that Islamic knowledge is dynamic, rational, and firmly grounded in divine revelation.