AKAD PADA PERBANKAN: PEMBIAYAAN PRODUKTIF DAN KONSUMTIF

Abstract

This article examines the implementation of contracts (akad) in Islamic banking, with a specific focus on the distinction and application of productive and consumptive financing. Islamic banking operates based on Sharia principles that prohibit riba (interest), gharar (uncertainty), and maisir (speculation), requiring all financial transactions to be conducted through clear, fair, and transparent agreements. In fund mobilization, contracts such as wadī‘ah and mudhārabah are commonly used, while financing activities apply contracts including murābaḥah, musyārakah, mudhārabah, ijārah, and qardh according to their respective purposes. The findings indicate that productive financing generates broader economic impact by supporting business growth and increasing community welfare, whereas consumptive financing focuses more on fulfilling individual needs. Furthermore, innovative financial products such as sharia cards and foreign exchange transactions (al-sharf) illustrate the adaptability of Islamic banking in the digital era while maintaining compliance with DSN-MUI fatwas. The implementation of ta’widh also serves as a fair mechanism to compensate for actual losses without violating the prohibition of riba. Overall, the proper implementation of Sharia contracts contributes to operational effectiveness, transparency, justice, and the sustainability of the Islamic financial system.